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89. There will thus be deficiencies in 1937 and 1941 of 4.43 M.G. and 8.03 M.G. respectively.
Proposed Extensions.
90. It is therefore recommended that a new service reservoir of 4 to 5 M.G. be constructed as soon as possible and that the provision of a further reservoir of 3 to 4 M.G. be made by 1941. The sites proposed for these two reservoirs are on the high ground to the North of Kowloon Chai and near Kowloon City respec- tively.
DISTRIBUTION
Explanation.
91. The distribution system consists of the principal and subsidiary mains laid in the streets. Water is drawn into this system from the service reservoirs and is conveyed to the consumer by means of house service connections to these mains.
Distribution Areus-Island.
92. Owing to the great variation in level and to avoid high pressure on the house service fittings, a series of distribution zones of different levels has been created. These are called "Low level", "Mid-level", "The Peak" and "Eastern Pumping Zones".
93. Bowen Road, Caine Road and Bonham Road form the approximate line of demarcation between the "Low" and "Mid-level" Zones, the areas above this "The Peak" line. to an elevation of about 750 ft., forming the "Mid-level” zone. Zone includes all the higher areas generally from Middle Gap to Victoria Peak. The "Eastern Pumping" Zone includes Repulse Bay, Tai Hang, Broadwood Road and part of the "Peak".
94. The "Low level" zone is supplied by gravity water from the service re- The Mid-level" zone is servoirs adjoining the main lines of communication. supplied by pumps at Bowen Road Filters and Pokfulam Road Pumping Station, the former pumps delivering from Bowen Road service reservoir to a tank at a level of 650 ft. and the latter from Elliot or West Point service reservoirs to a tank at a level of 750 ft. These two tanks, situated at the Eastern and Western extremities of the zone, are connected through the distribution system.
95. "The Peak" Zone is supplied from the Pokfulam Road Pumping Station and on completion the Queen Mary Hospital will also be supplied from these pumps.
96. The "Eastern Pumping" Zone is supplied by pumps from the Eastern Filters. Water is delivered to a service reservoir at a level of 778 ft. at Jardines Lookout from which it gravitates to Repulse Bay, Tai Hang and Broadwood Ridge. The pumps also supply water to Middle Gap Service Reservoir at a similar level from which other pumps raise it to Mt. Cameron Service Reservoir for supply to the Peak.
Distribution Systems.
97. The distribution systems in all zones except the "Eastern Pumping" one are very old and in need of reorganisation. Several of the mains are small, reduced by encrustation and should be replaced by larger ones.
98. Owing to general deficiency and lack of flexibility in the water supply system great difficulty is experienced in maintaining delivery to all consumers parti- cularly during peak demand in Summer. Complaints are frequent and considerable dexterity in handling the resources is necessary.
99. At present there is no organisation for the systematic descaling of mains nor for detection and elimination of waste in the distribution system.
100. It is proposed to prepare a programme for dealing with these matters in due course.
Pumping Capacity-“Mid-Level" and "Peak”.
101. There are three pumps at the Pokfulam Road Pumping Station and the maximum output of two of them-the third should be kept in reserve-is approximate- ly 950,000 gallons per day. The heavy pumping duty at this station occurs in the dry season when the maximum daily requirements from here are:- -200,000 gallons to "The Peak", 400,000 to the 750 ft. tank and 500,000 to West Point, making a probable "peak" total of 1,100.000 gallons per day. As two pumps cannot deal with this amount, the reserve pump has to be brought into use to make up the deficiency. With the addition of a supply of 100,000 gallons to the Queen Mary Hospital three pumps will be required at the same time, leaving no reserve pump for emergency.
102. The capacity of the Bowen Road Pumps which feed the Eastern end of the "Mid-level" zone is now utilized to its practical limit.
103. The Eastern Pumping Plant has been designed to deliver about 200,000 gallons per day from three of its four pumps, leaving one in reserve, of which quantity 70.000 gallons are available for the "Peak". This amount can be utilized to augment the Peak Supplies and is additional to the amount of 200,000 gallons re- quired from Pokfulam Road Pumping Station.
Proposed Extensions.
104. It is therefore recommended that in order to provide reasonable reserve of pumping the capacity of the pumps for supplying the Mid-level" and "Peak" areas be increased.
105. As the Extension of Pokfulam Road Pumping Station would involve considerable structural difficulty and as the water resources of the Western Source from which supplies have to be drawn, are limited, the proposed increase should be provided from the Mainland resources through a new rising main by means of pumps installed at the Albany Service Reservoir and delivering water to the pro- posed new tank at Peak Road. (para. 85).
108. The above change in source of supply would involve little alteration to the distribution system of the "Mid-level" zone. It would provide ample reserve of pumps for the Peak and Queen Mary Hospital supplies and would allow of the Extension of the latter to the Pokfulam residential area whose supply at present, being of unfiltered water, is very unsatisfactory.
107. The provision of a filtered water supply for the Pokfulam area could be made at very small cost, extensions and reorganisation of the present distribution system with a new balance tank of 100,000 gallons capacity at the further extremity of the area, only, being required. The provision of this supply for the Pokfulam area is therefore recommended.
108. Alterations to the distribution system involving new principal mains would be required in the Eastern district consequent upon the future development in this area.
Distribution Areas--Kowloon.
109. The difference of level in Kowloon being very small the distribution areas are organised on a geographical basis. These are governed generally by the level of the filters for the two sources of supply ie. Kowloon Waterworks and Shing Mun
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